Abstract: The present study was carried out to examine the effect of aqueous suspension of

Cichorium endivia leaves powder or glibenclamide drug on some biochemical parameters in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, (1)

control group which was administered distilled water, (2) Cichorium endivia group in which rats

received aqueous suspension of C. endivia leaves powder, 500 mg/kg b. wt., (3) diabetic group in

which diabetic rats were administered distilled water, (4) diabetic–Cichorium endivia group in which

diabetic rats were treated with aqueous suspension of C. endivia leaves powder, 500 mg/kg b. wt.,

and (5) diabetic–glibenclamide group in which diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide drug, 600

mg/kg b. wt. All groups were induced by intragastric administration for six weeks. The C. endivia

leaves powder or the glibenclamide drug produced significant hepatoprotective effects by decreasing

the activities of serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate

dehydrogenase (LDH) and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as liver superoxide dismutase

(SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and increasing the liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and

glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level. In conclusion, the

results obtained clearly indicate the role of oxidative stress in induction of diabetes and suggest

protective and/or ameliorative effects of C. endivia leaves powder aqueous suspension, similar to the

diabetic drug (glibenclamide) effects in this animal model.

Positioning systems are one of the key elements required by location-based services (LBS). As global positioning system (GPS) was never intended for indoor environments, indoor positioning systems based on wireless local area networks (WLAN) have been proposed as a viable solution. RADAR algorithm is one of the famous indoor positioning techniques. It uses a database of predetermined fingerprints for selected locations to estimate the location of a mobile user in the signal space. Another new proposed algorithm named the Enhanced Fingerprint (EFP) uses the same principle as RADAR algorithm but with more than one fingerprint per location. In this paper we investigated the location fingerprint based algorithms by taking RADAR and EFP with more details. We evaluated these two algorithms in terms of accuracy, reliability and computation time. Experiment results show that the EFP algorithm gains 1.82 m of accuracy over RADAR algorithm, while the last one saves 75% of computation time. We found that EFP algorithm is more consistent with varying number of training samples.