A B S T R A C T

The current study aimed to the production and partial purification of a cold-active lipase by some fungi isolated from the olive oil processing wastes in Al-Gabal Al-Gharby, Libya. 31 fungal species from 12 genera were isolated. F. solani was the most prevalent comprising 94% of total Fusarium and 28.7% of total fungi, 102 fungal isolates were tested for their lipolytic activity on lipase production agar medium at 10 and 20°C. The most active isolates were Alternaria (2 isolates), Fusarium, and Penicillium (1isolate for each one). Molecular identification of the most active four isolates was carried out by their sequencing (ITS). The four powerful fungal strains' production of cold-active lipase was maximized by optimizing some nutritional and environmental factors. F. solani AUMC 16063 was able to produce the maximum amount of lipase activity (46.66U/mL/min) with specific activity (202.8U/mg), utilizing ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source after 8 days of incubation at pH 3.0 and 15°C. However, at same condition after 6 days when yeast extract was employed as a nitrogen source, the generated cold-active lipase displayed the highest specific activity of (1550U/mg) and lipase activity (36.74U/ml/min). This is the first study in which the production, partial purification, maximized and characterization of a cold-active lipase enzyme by Fusarium solani.

Keywords: cold active enzymes, Lipase, Fusarium solani, lipolytic activity, specific activity.

Abstract

Analysis of reservoir characterization data are essential for understanding and managing the

subsurface hydrocarbon. Given that the Nubian Formation is one of the main hydrocarbon

formations in the Sirt basin, its petrophysical properties were examined at three wells (Q2-97, 3V3

and 3V4). The FlexInLog software is used in the current study to evaluate the petrophysical

characterizations using well logs and core analysis results. Petrophysical parameters such as

volume of shale, clay minerals type, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, in addition to the

volume of matrix are evaluated by using the well log data. Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and

shale make up the majority of the Nubian Formation's lithology. The upper and lower Nubian

sandstone Formations are primarily composed of the clay minerals illite and chlorite, with minor

amounts of kaolinite and montmorillonite. 3. The effective porosity of Well Q2-97 is the highest,

averaging 9.9%; it reaches 7.6% in the 3V3 well and 6.52% in the 3V4 well. However, well 3V4

had the lowest average permeability value of 0.7 mD, whereas well Q2-97 had the highest average

of 2.3 mD. The 3V4 well, with a hydrocarbon saturation of 49%, has the largest net pay thickness,

reaching 324 feet. The 3V3 well followed it with a net pay 273 feet and high rate of hydrocarbon

saturation reached 66%. Compared to the other two wells, the Q2-97 well has the least amount of

net pay thickness, reaching 235 feet.Abstract

Analysis of reservoir characterization data are essential for understanding and managing the

subsurface hydrocarbon. Given that the Nubian Formation is one of the main hydrocarbon

formations in the Sirt basin, its petrophysical properties were examined at three wells (Q2-97, 3V3

and 3V4). The FlexInLog software is used in the current study to evaluate the petrophysical

characterizations using well logs and core analysis results. Petrophysical parameters such as

volume of shale, clay minerals type, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, in addition to the

volume of matrix are evaluated by using the well log data. Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and

shale make up the majority of the Nubian Formation's lithology. The upper and lower Nubian

sandstone Formations are primarily composed of the clay minerals illite and chlorite, with minor

amounts of kaolinite and montmorillonite. 3. The effective porosity of Well Q2-97 is the highest,

averaging 9.9%; it reaches 7.6% in the 3V3 well and 6.52% in the 3V4 well. However, well 3V4

had the lowest average permeability value of 0.7 mD, whereas well Q2-97 had the highest average

of 2.3 mD. The 3V4 well, with a hydrocarbon saturation of 49%, has the largest net pay thickness,

reaching 324 feet. The 3V3 well followed it with a net pay 273 feet and high rate of hydrocarbon

saturation reached 66%. Compared to the other two wells, the Q2-97 well has the least amount of

net pay thickness, reaching 235 feet.

Bread is a staple food for many nations globally. It is prepared by mixing wheat or barley flour with water and other additives. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is the most used additive in bread industry, because of its efficiency to make the bread cost-effective and favourable to consume. However, KBrO3 is toxic to human and animals due to its ability to affect several body organs, e.g., liver, bones, blood, renal and hepatic, therefore KBrO3 is classified as a carcinogenic chemical and banned for using in the bread industries in most countries. Even though, this material is still in use as bread improver in several countries, nevertheless several oxidising agents was suggested to use as replacements instead of KBrO3 that doesn’t have harmful effects to the consumers. Many technologies have been developed and applied to evaluate the residues of KBrO3 in bakery products. This review paper explored the use of potassium bromate as a flour additive, and its effect on human, animal and environment, and the chemical methods to assess its remains in bread industries.

The demand for drinking water is increasing daily due to the rising world population, alongside the leakage of water, overuse of groundwater, and occurrence of several pollution issues that led to reducing the quality of groundwater. Consequently, in most countries purifying water technologies have been used to obtain drinkable water. Nationally, Libyans use the purified water extensively in their daily needs. Accordingly, to ensure that our citizen utilize harmless water, the quality of the used water and the efficiency of purification units was assessed by analyzing several physical and chemical characteristics of purified water and raw water supplied to the purification units from some local wells and man-made river (MMR) using recommended standard methods. The study results showed that the quality of purified water is excellent, and the purification process reduced the pH, electro conductivity and the concentration of studied chemical properties significantly to values less than the optimum levels (OL) suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Libyan standards (LS) for drinking water. As a conclusion, the studied purified water may use in the daily needs of human with continuously analytical monitoring.

Abstract: This study aims to analyzing demographic data of patients, isolate and identify Candida species, which causes vaginal infections, and a study of its prevalence among pregnant women in Sorman city, Libya.210 specimens collected from patients admitted to the Maternity Care Center in the combined clinic. carried immediately to the Microbiology Laboratory in the National Cancer Institute, Subrata, Libya for direct microscopy, culturing, and characterization. Each participant was given an interview questionnaire and asked about their age, educational level, employment position, and history of recurrent vaginal yeast infection. Chronic diseases were also listed on the data collecting form. Identification of Candida species using Chrome agar: A total of 100 isolates have been recovered in this study, of which 72isolates were obtained as pure cultures on Chrome agar medium. According to their color on Chrome agar, these 72 colonies were categorized to 5 main species namely Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Genotypic identification of Candida species in this investigation was validated by the ITS tree. Eight strains from this investigation were found in the Candida albicans clade, which had a high bootstrap value of 99 percent ML/99 percent MP. These were therefore identified as Candida albicans., Within the Candida glabrata clade, three isolates were grouped together, demonstrating a strong support value of 99% ML/99%MP. These strains were recognized as belonging to the C. glabrata species, while one isolate was recognized as belonging to the C. tropicalis species, with a high support value of 99% ML/99%MP.

 Keywords: VVC infections, candidemia patients, genotypic identification, and Candida albicans

Abstract: The current study was aimed for isolation, identification and preservation of mycobiota associated with the olive oil processing wastes (Fatura) collected from different cities in Al-Gabal Al-Gharby, Libya, screening the cold-active lipolytic activity of the isolated fungi and selection of the highest cold-active lipase producers. 31 fungal species belong to 12 genera were isolated from these samples with total CFUs of 29560. Fusarium was the most common genus at total CFUs of 9020 and comprising 30.51% from all fungi, followed by Aspergillus, that recorded 25.44% from all fungi. Penicillium was ranked third, nine different species were present. A total of 100% of samples were found to have CFUs of 5140 and 17.4% of all fungi. On lipase production agar medium at two temperatures, 10 and 20°C, 102 fungal isolates from 31 species were tested for their lipolytic activity. The majority of fungi could produce lipase activity at 20°C, where 98 out of 102 isolates the highest lipase producers was higher at 10°C (25) than at 20°C (16). The most active isolates were Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Molecular identification of the most active four isolates was carried out by sequencing their internal transcribed spacer region (ITS).

 Keyword: Olive oil, cold active enzymes, Lipase, fungi, lipolytic activity, Fatura.

 Food poisoning caused by bacterial agents is a worldwide problem, usually accompanied by unpleasant symptoms and may be sever leading to death. Natural compounds from marine algae namely flavonoids may play a role in the remedy of this condition. Aim: This research aims to assess the potency of flavonoids extracted from Enteromorpha intestinalis and Caulerpa prolifera as antibacterial agents. Methods: E. intestinalis was collected from Western Libyan Coast and C. prolifera was collected from Farwa Island. The antimicrobial activity and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of algal flavonoid containing extracts was performed in vitro against some positive and negative Gram bacteria. Results: Crude extract containing flavonoids from E. intestinalis were more effective than C. prolifera extract against Staphylococcus aureus with antimicrobial essay (25-28+1 and 14.5-37.5+0.5-1.5), MIC (50 and 50-250 µg/mL), MBC (75 and 75-250 µg/mL). In Bacillus cereus, the antimicrobial assay (19-24.5+0.5-1.5: 24+1), MIC (50-250 + 100 µg/mL) and MBC (250 and 125 µg/mL). On the other hand, flavonoids containing extract from C. prolifera were more effective than E. intestinalis against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 EHEC O157 (25-28+1: 14-18.5+0.5-1.5), MIC (100-250:100-500 µg/mL) and MBC (150-250 and 250-500 µg/mL). Salmonella enterica qualitatively combat by flavonoid from E. intestinalis (13.5-14+0.5-1: 10.5-13.5+0.5-1.5), MIC (100-250: 250 µg/mL) and MBC (100-250: 250 µg/mL). Flavonoids from C. prolifera (4 strains: 2 strains) were effective against S. enterica. Crude flavonoids from both algae were not effective against Bacillus pumilus. Conclusion: Data from this study could conclude that flavonoid extracts from E. intestinalis and C. prolifera could be used against foodborne bacterial agents

Abstract—The majority of Neoproterozoic rocks exposed in southern Libya, are comprised of intrusive coarse-grained porphyritic, two-mica, and high K-calc alkaline granite. The Jabal Fezzan Granite (JFG) is located in southwestern Libya. In this study, trace elements and whole-rock geochemistry have been used to understand the origin and the process of petrogenesis of the studied granites. The JFG is high-Si, Rb, Y, Nb, and (ASI values greater than 1.1). Mineralogically, it is characterized by the presence of minor muscovite and biotite and a lack of hornblende, exhibiting features of S-type granites, and having a character that belongs to an alkali-calcic series. According to geochemical value, light REE-enriched, characterized by moderate

enrichments in LREE (La/Sm), HREE, and weak negative Eu-anomalies. The geochemical modeling of the reveals that the JFG derived from the melting of the crust and underwent high fractional crystallization of plagioclase and K-feldspar at (H-P) conditions (750–980°C/1–4 GPa). The Jabal Fezzan (JFG(~50%) ) formed during Pan-African orogenic events during the destabilization of the interior Saharan metacraton due to compression stress and transpressive movements along pre-existing weakness and reactivation of shear zones inherited from Paleoproterozoic evolution. The Neoproterozoic basement forms the northernmost margin of the intracratonic Muruzq Basin, as evidenced by (greenschist facies) and intruded granitic rocksderived at the syn-collision stage (630–540 Ma)

(JFG) .